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Key to Nordic Orthocentrinae
Orthocentrinae
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Steps
Steps
Taxa:
Clypeus
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Clypeus separated from the face by a groove (rarely the groove is weak, but then the face is rather flat). Head in front view with a distinct, usually small and convex clypeus.
Clypeus not separated from the face by a groove: face and clypeus together form one smooth, strongly convex surface.
Scape
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Scape inflated, with a strongly oblique apical truncation whose hind margin is membranous (in dried specimens somewhat folded in).
Scape strongly elongate, cylindrical.
Scape not elongate but sometimes inflated, the apical truncation not membranous.
Tergite 1
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Tergite 1 slender, with the spiracle located beyond the midpoint, often in the apical third.
Tergite 1 robust or slender, with the spiracle located at or before the midpoint.
Areolet
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Fore wing with areolet closed (vein 3rs-m present, sometimes partly unpigmented).
Fore wing with areolet open.
Ovipositor length
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Ovipositor hardly or not protruding beyond the apex of the metasoma. Projecting part of the sheath less than about 0.5 times as long as the hind tibia.
Ovipositor clearly protruding. Sheath about 0.5 to 1.4 times as long as the hind tibia.
Ovipositor long, far surpassing the apex of the metasoma. Sheath more than 1.4 times as long as the hind tibia.
Occipital carina
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Occipital carina complete.
Occipital carina broadly interrupted dorsally, or absent.
Epicnemial carina
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Epicnemial carina present, at least the upper part of its lateral section visible.
Epicnemial carina entirely absent, at most replaced by a few weak wrinkles.
Epipleura
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Epipleura of tergites 2 and 3 not separated from the tergites by a crease.
Epipleura of tergite 2, and usually of tergite 3, separated from the tergite by a crease.
First sternite
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First sternite not fused with tergite 1, ending before the midpoint. Glymma present, though often shallow.
First sternite usually fused with its tergite 1, ending behind the midpoint. Glymma absent.
Notaulus carina
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Notaulus present, with a short vertical carina at its front end.
Notaulus without a vertical carina at its front end, or notaulus absent.
Second recurrent vein
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The section of vein M between the 2rs-m and 2m-cu is less than 0.3 times as long as 2m-cu. 2rs-m often distinct.
The section of vein M between 2rs-m and 2m-cu is 0.4 to 0.7 times as long as 2m-cu. 2rs-m very short or absent.
Nervellus
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Nervellus of hind wing inclivous (ending closer to the base anteriorly than posteriorly).
Nervellus of hind wing vertical or reclivous.
Mandible
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Mandible tip very narrow and, seen from the outside, seemingly ending in a single point. The tip is twisted so that the lower tooth lies on the inner side and is hidden when the mandibles are closed, or the lower tooth is absent.
Lower tooth of mandible visible below the upper tooth, mandible not or only moderately twisted.
Vein CU
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Nervellus of hind wing intecepted by vein CU that is present as least as a trace.
Nervellus of hind wing not intecepted, vein CU absent.
Propodeum
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Propodeal areas more or less complete, including the anterior transverse carina.
Propodeal areas incomplete, at least the anterior transverse carina absent.
Tergites 1 and 2
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Tergites 1 and 2 polished, usually without wrinkles.
Tergite 1,and usually 2, matt: coriaceous, granulate or striate.
Hypopygium
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Female: hypopygium large and sclerotised.
Female: hypopygium not enlarged.
Hind femur and claws
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Hind femur stout, about 3.5 times as long as deep. Claws of the hind tarsus exceptionally large.
Hind femur slender, 4.5 times or more as long as deep. Claws of the hind tarsus normal.
Clypeal margin
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Lower edge of clypeus weakly rounded and close to the mandibles. Labrum hidden below the clypeus.
Lower edge of clypeus truncate or almost so, standing away from the mandibles in the middle. Labrum exposed below the clypeus.
Pleural carina
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Pleural carina of propodeum mostly or entirely absent, at most represented by a shallow furrow. Petiolar area not defined.
Pleural carina of propodeum present, complete or almost so. Petiolar area usually defined.
Ovipositor sheath
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Ovipositor sheath hairy almost along its whole length, at most a short basal part flexible and hairless.
Ovipositor sheath with a long, flexible, hairless basal part, the apical part with relatively few hairs.
Ovipositor shape
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Ovipositor distinctly upcurved.
Ovipositor straight or almost so.
Clypeus width
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Clypeus about 1.3 to 1.7 times as wide as high.
Clypeus wide and flat, about 2 times or more as wide as high.
Dialipsis / Plectiscidea
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Clypeus very narrow, the anterior tentorial pits large. Petiolar area of propodeum long, about 1.8 times (female) or 1.25 times (male) as long as areola and basal area combined. Tergite 1 arched.
Clypeus moderately wide to narrow, the anterior tentorial pits not enlarged. Petiolar area of propodeum about 1.2 times as long as areola and basal area combined. Tergite 1 flat to slightly arched.
Hairs on propodeum and hind leg
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Propodeum with rather dense, long, erect hairs; hind femur and hind tibia with conspicuously long hairs.
Propodeum and hind leg without such long, erect hairs.
Remaining taxa:
Aniseres
Aperileptus
Apoclima
Batakomacrus
Catastenus
Dialipsis
Entypoma
Eusterinx
Fennomacrus
Gnathochorisis
Helictes
Megastylus
Neurateles
Orthocentrus
Pantisarthrus
Picrostigeus
Plectiscidea
Plectiscus
Proclitus
Proeliator
Stenomacrus
Symplecis
Discarded taxa:
Info
Key to the Nordic genera of Orthocentrinae. It is mainly built for females, but most males should key out.
References
Townes, H.K. (1971). The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 4. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 17: 1–372.
Kasparyan, D.R. (1981). [A guide to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae. 19 Mesochorinae. 20 Acaenitinae. 21 Microleptinae. 22 Orthopelmatinae. 23 Collyriinae. 24 Orthocentrinae. 25 Diplazontinae.] (in Russian). Opredeliteli Faune SSSR 3(3): 477–506.
van Rossem, G. (1981). A revision of some western Palaearctic Oxytorine genera (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Spixiana. Suppl.4(1980):79-135.
van Rossem, G. (1987). A revision of western Palaearctic Oxytorine genera. Part VI. (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 130: 49–108.
van Rossem, G. (1988). A revision of Palaearctic Oxytorine genera. Part VII. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 131: 103–112.
van Rossem, G. (1983). A revision of western Palaearctic Oxytorine genera. Part IV, Genus Megastylus (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Entomofauna 4(8): 121–132.
van Rossem, G. (1985). A revision of western Palaearctic Oxytorine genera. Part V. Genus Aperileptus (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Spixiana 8(2): 145–152.
Horstmann, K. (1994). Die europäischen Arten von Picrostigeus Förster (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Orthocentrinae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen 46(3/4): 111–120.
Aubert, J.F. (1978). Révision préliminaire des Ichneumonides Orthocentrinae européennes (Hym. Ichneumonidae). Eos 52(1976): 7–28.
Humala, Andrei E. (2008). New species of Orthocentrinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Finland. Entomologica Fennica 19(2): 94–104.
Broad, Gavin R. (2010). Status of Batakomacrus Kolarov (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Orthocentrinae), with new generic combinations and description of a new species. Zootaxa 2394: 51–68.
Varga, O. (2025). Identification of the European Species of Batakomacrus (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Orthocentrinae). Zoodiversity 59(4): 357–370.
https://doi.org/10.15407/zoo2025.04.357
Varga, O. & Di Giovanni, F. (2025). Revision of the Western Palaearctic species of Orthocentrus Gravenhorst, 1829 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Orthocentrinae): species with ivory/yellow marks on the vertex. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 98: 841–860.
https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.98.163947
Key to Nordic Orthocentrinae
Orthocentrinae
